Sabtu, 28 Desember 2013

PENGARUH FORMALIN (FORMALDEHIDA) TERHADAP PENINGKATAN RISIKO KEGUGURAN



          Formaldehida atau yang dikenal oleh masyarkat luas sebagai formalin, adalah suatu zat yang tidak berwarna, memiliki bau yang khas dan sangat kuat, serta uap yang bisa mengiritasi. Zat yang mempunyai nama kimia CH2O ini juga merupakan  zat yang mudah terbakar dan gampang bereaksi dengan zat lain (U.S. EPA, 2007). Sebenarnya formalin merupakan sebutan dari formaldehida yang berwujud cair, yang merupakan merupakan campuran dari  formaldehida, metil alkohol dan air. Sedangkan yang berbentuk bubuk dinamakan paraformaldehida. Meskipun berbeda wujud, keduanya sama-sama bisa menghasilkan gas (uap) formaldehida (EOHSS, 2004).

          Kebanyakan orang awam hanya mengetahui bahwa formalin (formaldehida) biasanya digunakan sebagai pengawet di laboratorium medis, untuk mengawetkan mayat, atau sebagai pengawet makanan (meskipun sangat dilarang karena efeknya yang berbahaya). Tetapi sebenarnya formaldehida banyak digunakan dalam berbagai produk dan keperluan, misalnya sering juga ditemukan di produk-produk bahan kimia, partikel papan, barang-barang rumah tangga, lem, kain pers permanen, kertas pelapis produk, fiberboard, dan kayu lapis. Selain itu formaldehida juga banyak digunakan sebagai bahan industri seperti pembuatan fungsida, bahan pembasmi kuman, dan disinfektan (OSHA, 2011).

         Formaldehida adalah senyawa yang tergolong berbahaya. Efeknya akan terasa dengan cepat setelah menghirup uap atau bersentuhan langsung dengan cairan formaldehida. Hal ini diakibatkan karena formaldehida mempunyai sifat cepat berekasi dengan zat lain. Efek awal akan terasa di bagian tubuh mengalami kontak langsung dengan formaldehida, seperti mata, hidung, dan kulit. Sehingga kebanyakan gejala umum dari orang yang mendapat paparan berlebihan dari formaldehida adalah iritasi di mata, hidung, ataupun tenggorokan (HESIS, 2011). 

          Batas yang diperbolehkan dari paparan Formaldehida adalah 0.75 ppm (part per millon) yang artinya 0.75 formaldehida dalam 1 juta udara, dan selama 8 jam paparan (HESIS, 2011). Kadar formaldehida yang melebihi batas tersebut akan memunculkan masalah kesehatan yang berbahaya. Gejala fisik dari paparan formaldehida pada kadar 0.1-5 ppm adalah iritasi mata, mata berkaca-kaca, iritasi pada kulit, dan gangguan pada saluran pernapasan. Pada kadar 5-20 ppm akan muncul gejala yang lebih serius seperti mata terasa terbakar, batuk, hingga sulit bernapas. Sedangkan pada kadar yang tinggi (20-100 ppm) akan mengakibatkan nyeri pada dada, detak jantung tidak teratur, iritasi parah pada paru-paru, edema paru, hingga kematian (EOHSS, 2004).

          Sementara, bagi wanita yang sedang hamil, paparan formaldehida dapat meningkatkan risiko terjadinya abortus spontan (keguguran) dan mengurangi kesuburan (fertilitas). Studi case control yang dilakukan Xu Wenjing  (2012) membuktikan bahwa ada hubungan antara formaldehida dengan prevalesi keguguran. Sampel dalam studi ini adalah wanita hamil di Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Centre. Sebanyak 191 wanita yang melahirkan dengan selamat (control group) dan 108 wanita yang keguguran (case group) diukur konsentrasi serum formaldehidnya. Hasilnya, rata-rata konsentrasi serum formaldehida di control group dan case group mempunyai beda yang signifikan secara statistik. Rata-rata pada control group sebanyak 0.0239, sedangkan pada case group 0.0944. Sehingga disimpulkan bahwa peningkatan kadar serum formaldehid berpengaruh terhadap meningkatnya risiko keguguran.
 
          Studi serupa yang pernah dilakukan oleh John EM (1994) (dikutip dari Duong et al., 2011) juga menunjukkan hubungan yang sama. Studi ini menguji hubungan zat-zat kimia termasuk formaldehida yang sering digunakan para penata rias di North Carolina, dengan kehamilan yang dialami. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa penata rias yang sering menggunakan formaldehida berbasis disinfektan, berisiko mengalami abortus spontan 2,1 kali lipat lebih tinggi daripada penata rias yang tidak pernah menggunakan bahan formaldehida (95% CI 1.0-4.3).

          Studi kohort berskala nasional di Finlandia oleh Taskinen et al (1994) (dikutip dari Res, 2011) mengindentifikasi pekerja laboratorium disana. Hasilnya, pekerja laboratorium yang terpapar formalin (larutan formaldehida 37%) sebanyak 3-5 kali seminggu menunjukkan adanya peningkatan risiko abortus spontan (OR 3.5 , 95% CI 1.1 -11.2).

          Dari beberapa studi yang ada, bisa disimpulkan bahwa memang ada pengaruh negatif formaldehida terhadap proses kehamilan. Dan di zaman sekarang, wanita banyak bekerja di sektor yang memungkinankan terjadinya kontak dengan formaldehida, misal petugas laboratorium, pekerja pabrik, atau penata rias. Tentu hal ini berbahaya, apalagi jika wanita tersebut dalam kondisi hamil. Sehingga hal ini perlu di antisipasi dengan cara meminimalkan kemungkinan kontak dengan formaldehida. Misalnya dengan menggunakan bahan-bahan yang tidak mengandung formaldehida, dan mengatur ventilasi agar sirkulasi udara bisa berlangsung baik (HESIS, 2011). Serta bagi wanita yang sering melibatkan formaldehida saat bekerja, hendaknya mengambil cuti atau bahkan berhenti sementara saat merencanakan kehamilan, demi menjaga kesehatan dan keselamatan janin. 

Referensi

Wenjing, Xu. 2012. The Association Between Maternal Formaldehyde Internal Exposure Dose and Miscarriage in Guangzhou, China. Master of Public Health. Hongkong: Hongkong University [online].
(Citied at January 16th 2013)
 

Duong et al. 2011. Reproductive and Development Toxicity of Formaldehyde: A Systematic Review [online]. (Citied at January 16th 2013)

 United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). 2007. Formaldehyde TEACH Chemical Summary [online]. (Citied at January 16th 2013)

Hazard Evaluation System and Information Service (HESIS). 2011. Formaldehyde [online].California Department of Public Health (Citied at January 16th 2013)

Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety Sevice (EOHSS). 2004. Formaldehyde Guidelines [online]. University of Medicine and Dentistry New Jersey. (Citied at January 16th 2013)

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). 2011. Formaldehyde Factsheet [online]. (Citied at January 16th 2013)

NB: Tulisan ini mungkin masih belum layak dijadikan acuan, tetapi saya hanya ingin
membagikan sesuatu yang pernah saya hasilkan selama menempuh studi di semester 1

-semoga bermanfaat, salam Hoki- 


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